LEGROME D. DAVIS, District Judge.
Plaintiffs sue for judicial review of certain actions, decisions, and regulations in regard to the agency's administration of wage benefits for foreign and United States workers under the "H-2B program," Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952(INA), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b) (2014), and regulations promulgated thereunder, 8 C.F.R. § 214.2 and 20 C.F.R. Part 655, Subpart A. Plaintiff associations — Comité de Apoyo a los Trabajadores Agricolas, Pineros y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste, the Northwest Forest Worker Center, formerly known as the Alliance of Forest Workers and Harvesters — sue on behalf of their members. Plaintiffs — Saul Arreguin Ruiz, Jesus Martin Sauceda Pineda, and Héctor Hernández Gomez — sue on their own behalf and as representatives of a putative class of H-2B workers.
Here, the scope and limitations of review are defined by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 551-583, 701-706, 801-808, 3105, 3344, 6362, 7562. Chehazeh v. Att'y Gen. of U.S., 666 F.3d 118, 125 & n. 11 (3d Cir.2012). The APA "provides the statutory structure on which federal administrative law is built."
Plaintiffs ("CATA") move for summary judgment (Doc. No. 17). Fed.R.Civ.P. 56. The motion challenges the decision by the Board of Alien Labor Certification Appeals (BALCA) in Islands Holdings, LLC, No. 2013-PWD-00002 (Dec. 3, 2013) (en banc). Administrative Record ("AR"), 1-15; Pls. Ex. E (Doc. No. 17-2 at 58-75). That decision, it is asserted, should be held "unlawful and set aside" as not authorized by law and as "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law" under the APA.
In Island Holdings, BALCA reviewed three supplemental prevailing wage determinations
In October and November, 2012, the DOL approved the labor applications submitted by the employer, Island Holdings LLC. Also, the DOL determined the prevailing wages to be paid by that employer for valid periods of employment that extended into November, 2013. The prevailing wages were set under the 2008 H-2B regulation using 2008 wage rates. See Labor Certification Process, 73 Fed.Reg. 78020 (Dec. 19, 2008) (codified at 20 C.F.R., Part 655) (the "2008 Wage Rule"). However, the SPWDs issued on May 6, 2013, retroactively increased the prevailing wages to be paid by that employer. See Summary of 2012-2013 PWDs, AR 129. In Island Holdings, BALCA invalidated the SPWDs, ruling broadly that Defendant the Secretary of Labor's policies, rules, and procedures for issuing SPWDs to H-2B employers, as set forth in the preamble to the 2013 IFR, were invalid and unenforceable.
Importantly, BALCA ruled that Defendants lacked the authority to issue SPWDs in cases where the DOL has already approved an application for labor certification and determined a prevailing wage. Island Holdings, AR 11-14. In addition, BALCA ruled that Defendants lacked the authority to require H-2B employers to pay "the highest of the most recent prevailing wage that is or will be issued" to the employer, despite the employer's agreement on ETA Form 9142, Appendix B.1,
Plaintiffs' position is that BALCA erred in so ruling and did so in excess of the authority delegated to it under the DOL's intra-agency review and appeal provisions. See 20 C.F.R. § 655.10(g) (Apr. 24, 2013); § 655.11(e), (h)(2)(ii) (Apr. 23, 2012); § 655.61(e) (Apr. 23, 2012), formerly codified at § 655.33. See also 29 C.F.R. § 18.58.
Plaintiffs say that BALCA ruled in Island Holdings "on behalf of" Defendants. The intended meaning of that phrase is not so clear, however. The record shows only that BALCA en banc considered the SPWDs issued on May 6, 2013, to the employer, Island Holdings LLC. BALCA did so at the request of both parties. The DOL's Certifying Officer (CO) explained:
CO's Request at 1, and BALCA's Order, dated 6/20/13, granting en banc review, Pls. Exs. D-1, D-2 (Doc. No. 17-2 at 51-57).
In this case, the parties' respective positions are closely aligned. Both sides agree that Island Holdings does not represent the legal or policy position of Defendant the Secretary of Labor as reflected in the preamble to the 2013 IFR. See 78 Fed. Reg. 24047, 24049, 24051-55 (Apr. 24, 2013). See also Pls. Reply at 1-2 (Doc. No. 47); Defs. Resp. at 2, 12-13, 16-17 (Doc. No. 31) (expressing agreement). For example, Defendants' position is:
Defs. Resp. at 12 (Doc. No. 31) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 655.11(e) (Apr. 23, 2012)). As to whether BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings are valid and should be applied by the DOL in future adjudications, apparently both sides would answer "no." Moreover, it is not contested that Defendant the Secretary of Labor is authorized to make policy and law for the DOL, and that BALCA — which is composed of Administrative Law Judges who are subordinate agency employees — is not so empowered. Defs. Resp. at 12-13 (Doc. No. 31); Pls. Reply Br. at 1, 2 (Doc. No. 47) ("BALCA has no legal authority to review, let alone strike down, the regulations and policies of the Secretary of Labor."). Neither side suggests that the Secretary is forever bound by Island Holdings as to future rulemaking and adjudications in the H-2B program.
Both sides propose the same remedy for resolution of this controversy — that this Court vacate BALCA's decision in Island Holdings, remanding that case to the DOL. The parties initially diverged as to the reasons proffered for vacating BALCA's decision in Island Holdings. However, they reached consensus
Defs. Resp. at 2, 13 (Doc. No. 31).
The factual background and procedural history of this case have been set out in previous memoranda issued in related cases. See CATA I, No. 09-240, supra; CATA II, No. 09-240, supra. See also La. Forestry Ass'n, Inc. v. Sec'y U.S. Dept. of Labor, 889 F.Supp.2d 711 (E.D.Pa.2012) (Davis, J.), aff'd, 745 F.3d 653 (3d Cir. 2014). Only information most relevant to this motion for summary judgment is recited here.
The parties agree that the record created before the agency as to the three SPWDs issued on May 6, 2013, to the employer, Island Holdings LLC, for respectively, housekeepers, cooks, and servers, comprises the administrative record here. See Def. Secretary's Notice, dated 2/13/14 (Doc. No. 34). See also SPWDs, dated 5/6/13, AR 44-54; id., Pls. Exs. A-1, A-2, A-3 (Doc. No. 17-2).
On May 13, 2013, the employer, Island Holdings LLC, requested that the DOL's CO reconsider the SPWDs under 20 C.F.R. § 655.10(g) (Apr. 24, 2013). AR 93-127. On May 23, 2013, before the requested review was done, the employer moved for emergency relief requesting that BALCA directly review the SPWDs. AR 141-157. The employer argued that BALCA should do so because the DOL's intra-agency review and appeal procedures did not apply to SPWDs issued under the April 24, 2013 IFR. See, e.g., Empl'r Br., AR 148 ("Because the 2013 IFR does not provide for issuance of Supplemental PWDs, it is unsurprising that the regulations do not provide an appeal mechanism for them."). On June 6, 2013, the DOL's CO at the National Prevailing Wage Center (NPWC) also requested that BALCA en banc consider the SPWDs. See BALCA's Order granting en banc review, dated 6/20/13, AR 415-16; Pls. Ex. D-2 (Doc. No. 17-2 at 56-57). On June 20, 2013, BALCA granted en banc review and permitted amici curiae, now Plaintiffs in this litigation, to participate. Id.
On July 2, 2013, BALCA remanded the three SPWDs issued to the employer, Island Holdings LLC. BALCA did so because it "sua sponte questioned whether the appeal was ripe for review, given that the parties had not completed the review process set forth at 20 C.F.R. §§ 655.10 and 655.11." Remand Order, dated 7/2/13, AR 1615.
After remand to the DOL, the NPWC denied redetermination on July 26, 2013, and affirmed the SPWDs as having been correctly issued in conformity with the April 24, 2013 IFR. AR 1437-49, 1507-19; Pls. Exs. B-1, B-2, B-3 (Doc. No. 17-2 at 16-30). The employer, Island Holdings LLC, sought further review of this decision by the Director of NPWC under 20 C.F.R. § 655.11 (Apr. 23, 2012). AR 1451-58, 1521-28. On August 20, 2013, the Director of NPWC issued three decisions, affirming each of the SPWDs. AR 1460-74,
On August 30, 2013, the employer, Island Holdings LLC, timely appealed to BALCA each of the three decisions by the Director of NPWC, which affirmed the SPWDs issued on May 6, 2013. AR 1404-14, 1475-84. On December 3, 2013, BALCA issued its decision in Islands Holdings, LLC, No. 2013-PWD-00002 (Dec. 3, 2013), invalidating each of the SPWDs and remanding the cases to the DOL's CO with instructions to vacate the SPWDs. AR 1-15.
After BALCA issued its decision in Island Holdings, Defendants stayed further action on all SPWDs that are pending conclusion of the DOL's intra-agency review and appeal processes. On remand from BALCA, the CO has not yet vacated the three SPWDs issued to the employer, Islands Holdings LLC. To date, the DOL has not taken further action on any of the contested SPWDs. Defendants inform the Court that "[t]here are approximately 1,300 SPWDs under further administrative review, which are on hold pending the outcome of this litigation." Defs. Resp. at 10 n. 5 (Doc. No. 31); see also Answer ¶¶ 50, 57-58 (averring same total of stayed cases). The DOL stayed further action on the SPWDs because it decided to postpone decision on whether to comply with BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings:
Letter of Def. Acting Assistant Secretary, ETA, Eric M. Seleznow, dated 12/20/13, Pls. Ex. M (Doc. No. 17-2 at 130), responding to Letter of counsel for Island Holdings LLC, Wendell V. Hall, Esq., dated 12/16/13, Pls. Ex. L (Doc. No. 17-2 at 126-128). See Letter of Hall, Esq. replying to Def. Seleznow, dated 12/24/13, Pls. Ex. O (doc. No. 17-2 at 134-139). See also the DOL's OFLC Website Announcement, dated 12/20/13, and Website Update, dated 12/23/13, Pls. Ex. N (Doc. No. 17-2 at 131-133). See also APA, 5 U.S.C. § 705.
On January 17, 2014, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, Public Law 113-76, 128 Stat. 5, was enacted. Unlike past appropriations, that Act did not include a rider banning appropriations to implement, administer, and enforce the 2011 Wage Rule:
Another sea change occurred after BALCA issued its decision in Island Holdings on December 3, 2013 — on February 5, 2014, our Court of Appeals decided La. Forestry Ass'n, Inc. v. Sec'y U.S. Dept. of Labor, 745 F.3d 653 (3d Cir.2014). That case challenged the 2011 Wage Rule under the APA and presented the question whether Defendant the Secretary of Labor has the authority to issue legislative rules in the H-2B program, specifically the 2011 Wage Rule.
Id., 745 F.3d at 669. Our Court of Appeals held that the Secretary has limited legislative rulemaking authority to carry out Congress's charge to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to consult with and obtain the advice of government agencies such as the DOL:
Id., 745 F.3d at 675 (alteration in original) (footnote omitted).
On March 14, 2014, the DOL notified the regulated community that it "intends to publish a notice of proposed rulemaking on the proper wage methodology for the H-2B program working off of the 2011 Wage Rule as a starting point." 2014 H-2B Notice, 79 Fed.Reg. at 14450. Furthermore, "Defendants anticipate the publication of a notice of proposed rulemaking by December 31, 2014." Defs. Resp. filed in C.A. No. 14-2657 at 8 (Doc. No. 21). See also Hr'g Tr., 19:6-21:5, 21:23-22:15, 26:6-27:1, dated June 17, 2014 (Doc. No. 29) (discussing agency's ongoing empirical investigation and planned rulemaking).
In the planned rulemaking, Defendants the Secretary of Labor and the DOL plan to evaluate the H-2B prevailing wage
The record does not contain any disputed facts material to a decision on the motion for summary judgment. Only questions of law are presented. However, the motion will be denied based on threshold considerations of justiciability. The claims for relief presented here are not justiciable primarily because Plaintiffs do not have standing to assert the claims, and the claims are not ripe for decision. The agency's factual investigation and rulemaking are not complete. It has not arrived at a definite decision as to the proper interpretation of the regulation at issue — that is, the determination of supplementary prevailing wages under 20 C.F.R. § 655.10(b)(2), among other issues.
"`[F]ederal courts are only empowered to decide cases and controversies' as our Article III jurisprudence defines them." Birdman v. Office of the Governor, 677 F.3d 167, 173 (3d Cir.2012) (quoting Felmeister v. Office of Att'y Ethics, 856 F.2d 529, 535 (3d Cir.1988)); U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. "`Courts enforce the case-or-controversy requirement through several justiciability doctrines,' which `include standing, ripeness, mootness, ... and the prohibition on advisory opinions.'" Keitel v. Mazurkiewicz, 729 F.3d 278, 280 (3d Cir.2013) (quoting Toll Bros., Inc. v. Twp. of Readington, 555 F.3d 131, 137 (3d Cir. 2009)).
Even where the constitutional minimum of a case-or-controversy has been met, prudential considerations may still require judicial restraint. See Lewis v. Alexander, 685 F.3d 325, 338, 340 (3d Cir.2012), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 933, 184 L.Ed.2d 724 (2013) (prudential standing requires, inter alia, "that the grievance not be so abstract as to amount to a generalized grievance"); Nat'l Park Hospitality Ass'n v. Dept. of Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 808, 123 S.Ct. 2026, 155 L.Ed.2d 1017 (2003) (doctrine of ripeness is drawn
Whether there is an Article III case or controversy here requires, among other things, a final agency action, decision, or regulation, which is challenged by a litigant with "standing" — that is, "there must be some concrete action applying the regulation to the claimant's situation in a fashion that harms or threatens to harm him." Nat'l Park, 538 U.S. at 808, 815, 123 S.Ct. 2026 (Stevens, J., concurring) ("a `plaintiff must allege personal injury fairly traceable to the defendant's allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief.'" (quoting Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727, 735, 92 S.Ct. 1361, 31 L.Ed.2d 636 (1972))). See also CATA I, No. 09-240, 2010 WL 3431761, at *4-6 (citing Common Cause of Pa. v. Pennsylvania, 558 F.3d 249, 257 (3d Cir.2009) (Plaintiffs had standing to challenge the 2008 H-2B regulations)).
One element of the "irreducible constitutional minimum" of Article III standing "is often determinative," as it is here — that is, the claimant's "injury-in-fact." Toll Bros., 555 F.3d at 137-38 & n. 4 (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992)). This element requires a showing that the claimant "suffered a `concrete,' `particularized' injury-in-fact, which must be `actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.'" Id. at 137 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130). In other words, this element requires that:
Id. at 138 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 n. 1, 112 S.Ct. 2130) (other citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs do not have standing to sue for broad, programmatic changes untethered to a concrete case or controversy. The injury-in-fact requirement protects an executive agency from judicial interference until the agency's decisions are formalized and "their effects felt in a concrete way by the challenging parties." Abbott Labs., 387 U.S. at 148-49, 87 S.Ct. 1507.
Plaintiffs contend that BALCA's decision in Island Holdings is final agency action that adversely affects their members and co-workers. They contend that those rulings retroactively invalidated all of the SPWDs issued to H-2B employers under the 2013 IFR, even those issued to employers that did not timely request intra-agency
Regardless of the merits of these assertions, Plaintiffs have not established the constitutional minimum of Article III standing to challenge BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings. There is no evidence that Plaintiffs have suffered any injury — that is, a concrete, palpable, particularized injury-in-fact that is actual or imminent, and not conjectural or hypothetical. The record does not show any agency action applying BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings to Plaintiffs — either the associations or their members — in any fashion that harms or threatens to harm them. The record shows just the opposite — that any further agency action on the contested SPWDs has been stayed indefinitely across the board. Nothing suggests that the stay will be lifted any time soon. Instead, it appears that the stay will most likely be maintained until conclusion of the planned rulemaking in 2014-2015. BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings have not yet permanently reduced any worker's wages. And on this record, it is entirely conjectural whether those rulings will ever affect the prevailing wages to be paid to workers.
In addition, Plaintiffs proffer only supposition as to how the agency and H-2B employers might use BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings to adversely affect prevailing wages for H-2B workers. These fears are not well grounded. Defendants have not said whether they intend to defend or enforce BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings. Also, it is not certain what the agency's final position on prevailing wages might be at conclusion of the planned rulemaking. But that is not an injury-in-fact. It is part of notice and comment rulemaking. The uncertainty is best cured by permitting the agency to complete its rulemaking and conclude its procedures for review of the SPWDs without interference from this Court.
Here, there is no Article III case or controversy for another reason — finality is absent in this case. The concept of finality "refers to the conclusion of activity by the agency." Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. EPA, 669 F.2d 903, 908 (3d Cir.1982). See also Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 156, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (final agency action "marks the `consummation of the agency's decision-making" and is one "by which rights and obligations have been determined" or "from which legal consequences will flow") (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The requirement of finality serves the interest of judicial economy: "`[O]ne of the principal reasons to await termination of agency proceedings' is the possibility that a dispute may be mooted if the party ultimately prevails before the agency, thereby obviating all occasion for judicial review." Id. (quoting FTC v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal., 449 U.S. 232, 244 n. 11, 101 S.Ct. 488, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980)).
BALCA's rulings as to the three SPWDs issued on May 6, 2013, to the employer, Island Holdings LLC, might be
Yet again, this case does not present an Article III case or controversy for another reason — the asserted claims for relief are not ripe. "Ripeness is among the requirements for a case or controversy to exist." Birdman, 677 F.3d at 173; accord Keitel, 729 F.3d at 279-80. "Determining whether administrative action is ripe for judicial review requires us to evaluate (1) the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and (2) the hardship to the parties of withholding court consideration." Nat'l Park, 538 U.S. at 808, 123 S.Ct. 2026 (citing Abbott Labs., 387 U.S. at 149, 87 S.Ct. 1507). Accord Birdman, 677 F.3d at 173; Felmeister, 856 F.2d at 535.
In the review of administrative agency actions, considerations of ripeness preserve the proper separation of powers among the judiciary, the legislature, and an executive agency:
Nat'l Park, 538 U.S. at 807-08, 123 S.Ct. 2026 (quoting Abbott Labs., 387 U.S. at 148-49, 87 S.Ct. 1507). Accord Ohio Forestry Ass'n, Inc. v. Sierra Club, 523 U.S. 726, 732-33, 118 S.Ct. 1665, 140 L.Ed.2d 921 (1998); Felmeister, 856 F.2d at 535.
As our Court of Appeals cautions, "judicial review is premature when an agency has yet to complete its work by arriving at a definite decision." Felmeister, 856 F.2d at 535 (citing Suburban Trails, Inc. v. N.J. Transit Corp., 800 F.2d 361, 365-66 (3d Cir.1986)). See also Hooker Chem. Co., Ruco Div. v. EPA, 642 F.2d 48, 53 (3d Cir.1981) (questionable compliance with a regulation was not ripe for adjudication because the EPA continued to investigate and "review at this time would be an interference with an active administrative proceeding"); Wearly v. FTC, 616 F.2d 662,
In addition, this case presents considerations of ripeness that are closely analogous to those presented in the seminal cases of Abbott Labs. and Toilet Goods Ass'n v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 158, 87 S.Ct. 1520, 18 L.Ed.2d 697 (1967). These cases show that "[r]ipeness questions often arise when an agency has announced a decision to take a certain action, but that action remains tentative at the time of suit." Birdman, 677 F.3d at 173. "A dispute generally is not ripe if the agency's action reflects the tentative nature of its conclusion, in which case the agency expressly reserves the possibility that its opinion might change." Id. (alteration, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted). In this case, the agency's stay of action on BALCA's decision, Island Holdings, is tentative action that warrants judicial deference. Otherwise, review at this time would improperly intrude upon and likely detract from an active administrative rulemaking proceeding.
Similar to the prudential standing requirements for concrete agency action and finality, the requirement of ripeness comprises the "usually unspoken element" of the preservation of judicial resources:
Nat'l Treasury Emp. Union v. United States, 101 F.3d 1423, 1431 (D.C.Cir.1996) (citing Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 752, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984), abrogated on other grounds by Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 134 S.Ct. 1377, 188 L.Ed.2d 392 (2014)). This rationale applies here. It is likely that the planned rulemaking will resolve the questions presented. For example, the 2014 H-2B Notice suggests that Defendant the Secretary of Labor has stayed consideration of the rulings in Island Holdings in lieu of prospective rulemaking. And the Notice suggests that the regulatory policy choices for rulemaking will comprehend many, if not all, of BALCA's rulings in Island Holdings. In addition, Defendants have not fully developed and formalized the policies and choices to be made. Again, review at this time would disrupt the agency's work.
A line of persuasive cases from the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals supports this conclusion. See Am. Bird Conservancy, Inc. v. FCC, 516 F.3d 1027, 1035-37 (D.C.Cir.2008) (Kavanaugh, J. dissenting) (ongoing administrative process should be permitted to run its course before any judicial intervention because interests in judicial economy would be furthered by the avoidance of unnecessary adjudication, and the separation of powers requires dismissal so as to not intrude on agency's administrative function); Devia v. NRC, 492 F.3d 421, 424-26 (D.C.Cir.2007) (review deferred to avoid expenditure of judicial resources on a complex, fact-intensive case and "what could effectively become an advisory opinion"); Toca Producers v. FERC, 411 F.3d 262, 266 (D.C.Cir. 2005) (even though the challenged orders appeared to be "final agency action within the meaning of the APA," the orders were
In a situation closely analogous to that presented by the litigation here, AT & T Corp. v. FCC, 369 F.3d 554, 563 (D.C.Cir. 2004) involved an on-going rulemaking proceeding. The case was dismissed based on ripeness considerations:
Id. at 563 (citations omitted). It is noteworthy that the FCC issued a further notice of proposed rulemaking inviting public comment on the challenged policies. The court ruled that "it is clear that both the Commission and the court will benefit from postponing review of whether safeguards are necessary ... until the policy in question has crystallized into a more definite form." Id. The same considerations apply here. Defendants must be permitted to discharge their investigatory and rulemaking functions without interference from this Court.
Dismissal of this case on the ground that it is not ripe would serve the interests of judicial economy. The merits of the regulatory issues presented will likely be the subject of the planned rulemaking that the agency promises to commence in the near future. Those proceedings may eliminate any need for a judicial decision.
A dismissal here also protects the requisite separation of governmental powers. It permits the DOL, an agency of the executive branch, to use its special expertise to inquire further into those subject matters that Congress charged it to administer, without undue interference by a reviewing court. This would impose minimal hardship on Plaintiffs who will have every opportunity to participate in the new rulemaking planned for 2014-2015. See Ohio Forestry, 523 U.S. at 733-35, 118 S.Ct. 1665 (further administrative proceedings are not a sufficient hardship to overcome the lack of ripeness and justify review).
On balance, the perceived hardship to some H-2B workers, who may not timely receive increased wages under the 2013 IFR, appears to be relatively less significant. The record establishes that Defendants the Secretary of Labor and the DOL are using the 2013 IFR to administer the H-2B program. They intend to do so pending conclusion of the planned rulemaking in 2014-2015. Furthermore, there is no reason to doubt that Defendants have been and will continue to diligently and effectively deliberate on how to best proceed with the 2011 Wage Rule, evaluating other policy choices as well in the light of additional public input and program experience. Accordingly, Defendants will be permitted to complete the ongoing investigation and planned rulemaking without interference from this Court.
For the reasons above, the motion for summary judgment will be denied. This action will be dismissed without prejudice to decision on the merits of a future case or controversy.
AND NOW, this 23rd day of July, 2014, it is hereby ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 17) is DENIED, and this action is DISMISSED without prejudice. The claims for relief presented in this action are not justiciable.
It is FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification (Doc. No. 18) is DENIED as moot.
Furthermore, the CLERK OF COURT is DIRECTED to mark this action CLOSED for statistical purposes.
On February 10, 2014, Defendants answered (Doc. No. 30), in essence asserting that no factual allegations are at issue and setting forth three affirmative defenses that fall roughly under the umbrella of the ripeness doctrine, discussed infra. See Defs. Answer, Affirmative Defenses ¶ 2 ("Plaintiffs fail to allege a final agency action."), ¶ 3 ("Relief should be denied as an exercise of judicial discretion to withhold relief."); ¶ 4 ("Plaintiffs suffered no injury.").
